14.1 What is Active Voice?
Active Voice లో Subject (కర్త) ఏ పని చేస్తుందో చెబుతుంది. ఇది సరళమైనది మరియు సాధారణంగా వాడతారు.
- I eat an apple.
- She writes a letter.
Active Voice order: Subject (కర్త) → Verb (క్రియ) → Object (కర్మ)
14.2 What is Passive Voice?
Passive Voice లో Object (కర్మ) పై పని జరుగుతుంది — అంటే పని చేసే వ్యక్తి కంటే, పని ఏమిటో చెబుతారు.
- An apple is eaten by me.
- A letter is written by her.
Passive Voice order: Object (కర్మ) → Be Verb (am/is/are/was/were) + V3 → by + Subject (కర్త)
14.3 How to Convert Active → Passive (5 Steps)
ఒక Active వాక్యాన్ని Passive లోకి మార్చడానికి ఈ 5 దశలు అనుసరించండి:
- Object ను Subject గా మార్చండి.
- Tense ను బట్టి Be Verb (am/is/are/was/were/been) ను వాడండి.
- Verb ను V3 (Past Participle) లోకి మార్చండి.
- Subject ను 'by' తో చివరన పెట్టండి.
- అవసరమైతే 'by' ను తీసివేయవచ్చు (కర్త ముఖ్యం కానప్పుడు).
14.4 Simple Tenses — Active to Passive
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|
| Present | I eat an apple. | An apple is eaten by me. |
| Past | I ate an apple. | An apple was eaten by me. |
| Future | I will eat an apple. | An apple will be eaten by me. |
RULE:
• Present → am/is/are + V3
• Past → was/were + V3
• Future → will be + V3
14.5 Continuous Tenses — Active to Passive
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|
| Present Continuous | I am eating an apple. | An apple is being eaten by me. |
| Past Continuous | I was eating an apple. | An apple was being eaten by me. |
| Future Continuous | I will be eating an apple. | Passive లో ఇది సాధారణంగా వాడరు. |
RULE:
• Present Continuous → am/is/are + being + V3
• Past Continuous → was/were + being + V3
14.6 Perfect Tenses — Active to Passive
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|
| Present Perfect | I have eaten an apple. | An apple has been eaten by me. |
| Past Perfect | I had eaten an apple. | An apple had been eaten by me. |
| Future Perfect | I will have eaten an apple. | An apple will have been eaten by me. |
14.7 Modal Verbs in Passive
Modal Verbs (can, could, should, must) కూడా Passive ను రూపొందించవచ్చు:
| Active | Passive |
|---|
| I can eat an apple. | An apple can be eaten by me. |
| She should write a letter. | A letter should be written by her. |
| You must wear a helmet. | A helmet must be worn by you. |
RULE: Modal + be + V3
14.8 Passive Voice — When to Drop 'by'?
కర్త (Subject) ముఖ్యమైనప్పుడు మాత్రమే 'by' ను ఉంచాలి. కర్త తెలియకపోతే లేదా స్పష్టంగా లేనప్పుడు, 'by' ను తీసివేస్తారు.
| Active | Passive (with 'by') | Passive (without 'by') |
|---|
| The chef cooks food. | Food is cooked by the chef. | — (కర్త ముఖ్యం) |
| Someone stole my bike. | My bike was stolen by someone. | My bike was stolen. (కర్త తెలియదు) |
| People speak English. | English is spoken by people. | English is spoken. (కర్త సాధారణం) |
14.9 Practical Dialogue (సంభాషణ)
కింది సంభాషణను బిగ్గరగా చదవండి. ఇందులో Active మరియు Passive రెండూ ఉన్నాయి:
- Raju: Who cleaned the room?
- Anu: The room was cleaned by my mother.
- Raju: Oh, did she clean the kitchen too?
- Anu: Yes, the kitchen was cleaned by her.
- Raju: What about the windows?
- Anu: The windows were cleaned by my father.
- Raju: Great. Are the dishes washed?
- Anu: Yes, they have been washed.
14.10 Common Mistakes (తరచుగా చేసే తప్పులు)
| Mistake (తప్పు) | Correct (సరైనది) | Explanation |
|---|
| "The book is wrote by me." | "The book is written by me." | Passive లో V3 (written) వాడాలి. |
| "The letter was send." | "The letter was sent." | Past Passive లో V3 (sent) వాడాలి. |
| "The work will be finish." | "The work will be finished." | Future Passive లో V3 (finished) వాడాలి. |
| "She is cooking the food." → "The food is cooking by her." | "The food is being cooked by her." | Continuous Passive లో 'being' అవసరం. |
Chapter 14 Quiz
1. Passive Voice లో Object ఎక్కడ ఉంటుంది?
A. మొదట (Subject స్థానంలో)
B. చివరన 'by' తర్వాత
C. Verb తర్వాత
D. ఎక్కడా ఉండదు
2. "I write a letter." — దీని Passive రూపం ఏది?
A. A letter is wrote by me.
B. A letter is written by me.
C. A letter was written by me.
D. A letter is being written by me.
3. "The book was ___ by Ravi." — ఖాళీలో సరైన పదం ఏది?
A. write
B. wrote
C. written
D. writing
4. "I can eat an apple." — దీని Passive రూపం ఏది?
A. An apple can eat by me.
B. An apple can be eaten by me.
C. An apple could be eaten by me.
D. An apple can eaten by me.
5. "You must wear a helmet." — దీని Passive రూపం ఏది?
A. A helmet must be worn by you.
B. A helmet can be worn by you.
C. A helmet must wear by you.
D. A helmet should be worn by you.
6. "Someone stole my bike." → "My bike was stolen." — ఇక్కడ 'by someone' ఎందుకు తీసేవేశారు?
A. ఎందుకంటే అది ముఖ్యం కాదు / ఎవరు చేశారో తెలియదు.
B. ఎందుకంటే ఇది passive వాక్యం.
C. ఎందుకంటే అది వ్యాకరణపరంగా తప్పు.
D. ఎందుకంటే 'bike' subject.
7. Present Continuous Passive కు సరైన సూత్రం ఏది?
A. am/is/are + V3
B. am/is/are + being + V3
C. was/were + being + V3
D. have/has + been + V3
8. "She is cooking the food." — దీని Passive రూపం ఏది?
A. The food is cooking by her.
B. The food is cooked by her.
C. The food is being cooked by her.
D. The food was being cooked by her.
9. Past Perfect Passive కు సరైన సూత్రం ఏది?
A. had + been + V3
B. have/has + been + V3
C. was/were + V3
D. will have + been + V3
10. "The work will be finish." — ఇది తప్పు ఎందుకు?
A. 'Will' తప్పు
B. 'Be' తప్పు
C. V3 (finished) వాడాలి
D. 'The' తప్పు